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LIMATOGRAPHY 

OF THE SALT RIVER VAJ^ 
LEY REGION OF ARIZONA 





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Book. 



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COPYRIGHT DEPOSrr 




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CLIMATOGRAPHY 



SALT RIVER VALLEY REGION OF 
ARIZONA 

THE LAND OF HEALTH AND SUNSHINE 



STUDIES FOR PHYSICIANS AND LAYMEN, WITH METEOROLOGICAL DATA COMPILED FROM THE 

REPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAU IN TABULAR FORM, COMPARING 

THIS WITH OTHER PARTS OF THE UNITED STATES, VITAL STATISTICS, AND LIST 

OF DISEASES EITHER BENEFITED OR CURED IN THIS SALUBRIOUS 

CLIMATE, AND COMPLETE AND ACCURATE DATA FOR THE 

INFORMATION OF INVALID OR HOME SEEKER. 



'/ 



WM. LAWRENCE WOODRUFF, M. D. 

PHOENIX, ARIZONA 



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X0< Of- . r;. 

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•'-^S^^^r of Copf^-- " 



CHICAGO 
R. R. DONNELLEY & SONS COMPA 



^nd COPY. 
H. 1898. 



4435 



Copyright, 1898 
By Wm. Lawrence Woodruff 



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hk. 



THE CLIMATE OF PHOENIX AND THE SALT 
RIVER REGION OF ARIZONA. 

An article by Wm. Lawrence Woodruff, M.D., of Phoenix, Arizona, 
printed in the Hahnemannian Monthly for December, 1895, re- 
printed in the Scientific American (Supplement) of January, 1896, 
and reprinted in the Sanitarian for May, 1896, and reprinted in 
The Arizonian for January, 1896. 

The inquiries about Phoenix and the Salt River Valley 
as a health resort are becoming so numerous that I take it 
the profession at large will welcome facts concerning this 
valley, and facts only I will endeavor to state in this 
article. My aim is to cover the ground fully with the most 
reliable data attainable. 

Phoenix and the Salt River Valley are situated in lati- 
tude 33° north, in the southwest quarter of Arizona. The 
valley is from five to seventy-five miles wide, and about two 
hundred miles long, and throughout its entire length and 
breadth has a climate claimed to be the best in the world. 
To rightly appreciate the claims of this valley as a health 
resort, we must for a moment look at the physical geog- 
raphy of this region. There are high mountain ranges to 
the north and east, also the Sierra Nevada and Coast 
Ranges to the west, with a short spur of low mountains to 
the south. The high mountain ranges protect this section 
from all cold winds, and to this protection from cold, 
nature has added yet another feature, which is mainly the 
cause of the phenomenal climatic conditions found in this 

3 



region, namely, proximity to the Gulf of California. The 
Salt River Valley, with the Gila Valley, its extension to 
the southwest, is an open valley with continuous mountain 
chains of more or less altitude on either side, and practi- 
cally maintains these characteristics clear to the head of the 
gulf. The Gulf of California, with the Coast Range on its 
west to protect it from cold, northwest winds, and a lower 
mountain range east of it is so situated that it catches and 
retains the warm winds and ocean currents from the Indian 
Ocean and the equatorial Pacific, and passes them up to 
the head of the gulf, and, consequently, is largely responsi- 
ble for the warm, mild winters. It will be seen by the 
above how nature has provided a channel whereby, in this 
southwest corner of the United States, she has reproduced 
a climate tropical in all its essential parts, with none of the 
drawbacks of the tropics, namely, excessive humidity and 
malaria. Here, right in our midst, nature has given a 
climate as mild and balmy as that of the tropical Pacific 
islands, and with the same even temperature, and at the 
same time at an altitude of only eleven hundred feet, a 
dryness of atmosphere equaled by few localities and ex- 
celled by none other in the civilized world. It will now be 
understood how a climate that seldom gives a temperature 
at the freezing point, with rarely a cloudy day — there is 
less than one in ten during the winter, and for weeks at a 
time during the summer there is not a cloud in the sky — is 
possible at this latitude. Here is found every element that 
goes to make up a perfect climate. The best proof on this 
point is the exceptionally low death-rate, which is 8 ii-ioo 
per i,ooo inhabitants. This sun-kissed valley has but two 
seasons — the winter season, which is a happy blending of 



fall into spring, and the summer, which commences about 
May ist, and continues until about October ist. The sum- 
mer days are bright, clear and hot, with a maximum daily 
temperature ranging from 96° to 112°. It is as rare for 
the mercury to go above this in summer as it is rare for it 
to go below the freezing point in winter. There is usually 
some little rain in the latter part of July or during August, 
usually in showers, possibly averaging an inch of rainfall 
during the summer season. To rightly appreciate the 
effects of the summer heat, one must recognize the differ- 
ence between a wet and a dry-bulb thermometer. The dif- 
ference is usually from 20° to 30°. Here, the reading of 
the wet-bulb gives our actual sensible heat, while in more 
humid countries the reading of the dry-bulb is so nearly 
like that of the wet-bulb that the difference is rarely per- 
ceptible. The average humidity is only about 30 per cent. 
for the year, and there are weeks at a time during the sum- 
mer when it will run far below this point. This is the rea- 
son, coupled with the fact that there is always a gentle 
breeze stirring, why our summers are not only endurable, 
but, in fact, do not cause as much discomfort or prostra- 
tion as is experienced in other parts of the country. The 
summer months are the healthiest of the year. During 
these months the death rate is only one-third of one per 
cent. Bowel troubles and fevers are almost unknown dur- 
ing the heated term, there being less than two deaths per 
month from all forms of bowel troubles among infants in a 
population of 14,000. Is there another place in the world 
that can make such a showing? During these months per- 
spiration is very copious, and, owing to the very dry air, 
evaporation is instantaneous and a material aid to comfort. 



With this statement the fact will be readily understood that 
rheumatism, kidney diseases, and diseases of the respiratory 
tract make their greatest improvement during this half of 
the year. This is especially so with persons suffering from 
insomnia and nervous prostration. Sunstroke is unknown, 
and it is as safe for people to come here during the heated 
term as at any other time of the year. 

Now, as to the winter months. The visitor will find 
the days balmy, dreamy, restful; the air pure, dry, brac- 
ing; the nights cool and delightful. Save during the rainy 
seasons, it is perfectly safe and comfortable to be out of 
doors day and night. The rainy season usually lasts a 
week or so, and the rainfall is not heavy. The annual pre- 
cipitation is something less than seven inches. The fol- 
lowing table shows the maximum temperature for a period 
from December 31, 1894, to January 9, 1895, inclusive, at 
several places. An examination of this table will show that 



Date. 



December 31, 1894. 
January i, 1895 

2, " 

3. " .... 

4. " — - 

5. " — - 

6, " .._. 

7, " — - 



Range of Temp, for the 10 
days 





.- 


4J 


. 




tn 


6 


















bo 


y 






- a 


>< • 


s, 


> 


fe 




c 


£ 




0. 


• « 0) 


n< 


1i6 






;3 a 


0.^ 




rt 


0^ 

2w 




£ 


^ 


rt 


H 


in 


a 


iS 


S 


c3 


in 


74 


61 


44 


60 


28 


39 


51 


59 


65 


50 


74 


^?> 


49 


60 


28 


49 


53 


59 


6s 


SO 


68 


61 


60 


5« 


52 


49 


53 


59 


65 


48 


72 


61 


60 


68 


60 


50 


46 


52 


65 


57 


70 


55 


61 


52 


50 


50 


46 


57 


63 


52 


68 


55 


54 


62 


52 


49 


44 


54 


64 


52 


70 


53 


62 


62 


52 


49 


46 


54 


63 


57 


68 


57 


7S 


62 


52 


49 


42 


54 


6S 


50 


^S 


62 


74 


62 


68 


48 


41 


59 


64 


42 


64 


68 


68 


78 


63 


49 


50 


54 


64 


42 


10 


^5 


31 


26 


40 


II 


12 


7 


2 


15 



16 



Phoenix has the most even temperature of all the places 
named, with but two exceptions, one being Cairo, Egypt, 
whose highest temperature is 65° — but one degree above 
our lowest, 64° — and Malta, with 59° as the highest point 
reached, being 5° below our lowest point. These two 
places — as, indeed, do all the rest named — have a damp, 
moist atmosphere, which greatly increases the perceptible 
difference in the range of temperature. 

This valley has everything that goes to make up a per- 
fect winter home. It has the minimum of rainfall — 7 
inches per annum; second, the minimum of atmospheric 
moisture — 30 per cent, humidity; third, it has the mini- 
mum air movement — its annual average is less than 2^ 
miles per hour, and is generally from the southwest; 
fourth, the minimum of death-rate, being but 8 ii-ioo per 
1,000 inhabitants; fifth, the minimum of malaria, there 
being none; sixth, low altitude — 1,100 feet above the sea- 
level; seventh, the maximum of sunshine — an average of 
nine days out of ten of bright sunshine, when out-of-door 
life is enjoyable and healthful. We have here within easy 
reach, and within the bounds of our own country, all the 
merits ascribed to Italy or Egypt, with none of their draw- 
backs. We have all that Florida enjoys, with none of her 
moist, sticky atmosphere and none of her malaria. We 
have the same balmy air and even temperature of Califor- 
nia, without her fogs, dampness, or malaria. We have the 
same dry, bracing air that has Colorado, without her bliz- 
zards and high altitudes. We have all, and infinitely more, 
of all the good things claimed for these localities, without 
their unfavorable conditions. There may be a few locali- 
ties where the actual difference in temperature between day 



8 

and night is less than in the Salt River Valley, but these 
places have much greater humidity. As in summer, so 
here in winter, with our very dry air, the perceptible dif- 
ference between day and night temperatures, and the actual 
discomfort experienced thereby, is much less than is the 
case in localities with more moisture in the air. Situated 
in the midst of this valley, about 150 miles from the head 
of the Gulf of California, 1,100 feet above the sea-level, 
lies Phoenix, the capital of Arizona and the metropolis of 
the Salt River Valley. It is the healthiest city in the 
known world, and is surrounded by a prosperous and con- 
stantly growing farming community. It has all the modern 
improvements and the snap and vim of the young metrop- 
olis. Her citizens are quiet, peaceable and law-abiding, 
and ready to receive with true hospitality those who seek 
her perpetual sunshine. The town is making a phenomenal 
growth, in spite of the hard times, and will soon have the 
best of accommodations for the health-seeker, who will find 
the pure, dry, warm, health-giving air free for all. 

The following comparative mortality table shows the 
yearly deaths in 1,000 inhabitants in the cities named. It 
will be noticed that Phoenix stands at the head of the list. 
Phoenix, Ariz., 8 ii-ioo; Los Angeles, Cal., 14 40-100; 
Long Branch, N. J., 9 88-100; Atlantic City, N. J., 18 
38-100; St. Paul, Minn., 9 60-100; Minneapolis, Minn., 9 
40-100; San Bernardino, Cal., 11 30-100. There are no 
public records from which an accurate table of vital statis- 
tics can be compiled. The records of the undertakers in 
the territory named are accurate and complete for the past 
three years, and include, with very few exceptions, all the 
deaths in that territory during the period covered. These 



records have been kindly placed at my disposal, and from 
them I have prepared a table with a great deal of care. 
For all practical purposes it is accurate and reliable. 

VITAL STATISTICS OF THAT PART OF THE SALT RIVER VALLEY NORTH 
OF THE SALT RIVER, WEST OF THE VERDE RIVER AND EAST OF 
THE AGUA FRIA RIVER, COVERING A TERRITORY OF 250 SQUARE 
MILES, AND INCLUDING THE CITY OF PHOENIX. THE POPULA- 
TION ON A CONSERVATIVE BASIS IS PUT AT I4,0OO ; FOR 1895, 
AT 15,000; FOR 1896, 16,000. 



Total number of deaths 

Transients 

Accidental deaths 

Among residents 

Percentages, fractions i% 

CLASSIFIED BY AGES. 

Deaths under 5 years of age__ 
Deaths over 70 years of age__ 
Deaths over 50 years of age__ 

DURING THE SUMMER MOS.- 
JUNE - SEPTEMBER. 

Total 

Transients and accidentals 

Residents, from natural cause 

Percentages, fractions 1% 

Under 5 years of age 

Under 5, of bowel trouble 

CAUSES OF DEATH. 

Stomach and bowel disease... 

Nervous and brain disease 

Typhoid fever 

Scarlet fever 

Measles 

Diphtheria 

Heart disease . 

Disease respiratory organs — 

Old age 

All other causes 



1892 


1893 


1894 


1895 


133 


185 


168 


141 


29 


38 


41 


47 


10 


15 


7 


13 


94 


132 


120 


81 


f 


f 


f 


1 


28 


59 


33 


29 


12 




13 


7 


31 


32 


36 


19 


41 


75 


54 


58 


8 


21 


13 


23 


33 


54 


41 


35 


i 


1 


h 


i 


6 


28 


13 


14 


6 


II 


9 


5 


10 


30 


21 


14 


17 


8 


4 


8 


2 


4 


4 


2 


I 


3 











4 











5 


2 





8 


I 


7 


3 


50 


73 


61 


56 


4 


4 


6 


4 


40 


56 


58 


54 



1896 



201^ 

78 

^5 
112 



38 
10 

43 



75 
25 
50 
I 
19 



15 
6 

4 
o 
o 
o 

8 
82 

8^ 



Note. — Deaths designated as transients are only those of per- 
sons who have been here but a brief period prior to their decease, 
coming here as a last resort in the advanced stages of diseases of the 
respiratory organs, which accounts for the large number of deaths 
under this head. A large number of those claimed as residents 
ought properly to have been included in the transient class. 



lO 

The following statement will illustrate the general 
healthfulness of this valley under one set of conditions: 

Phoenix, September 28, 1895. 

Dear Doctor: — I have been working large gangs of men 
in construction-work of different kinds, for the last four- 
teen years, in the Northwest and in Canada. Last spring 
I brought in a large gang of men from Minnesota, and for 
the last six months have been working them with others in 
your valley, and never, in all my experience, has the per- 
centage of sickness been so low as during these past six 
months. 

(Signed) S. R. H. Robinson, Superintendent, 

Minnesota and Arizona Construction Company. 

Now, as to diseased conditions: Asthmatics usually re- 
ceive prompt relief and a permanent cure. The dry, warm 
air, and low altitude agree with them perfectly. If there 
is a recurrence it is during the rainy season, and is usually 
but slight, to disappear again as soon as the usually dry 
atmospheric conditions prevail. This is equally so of 
aphonia, bronchitis, and laryngitis; and, in fact, of all dis- 
eases of the respiratory organs. Tuberculosis, by the 
dry, hot air of summer, is checked in its development; and 
if the patient is not in the last stages, a continuous resi- 
dence under these favorable conditions, will greatly pro- 
long life, and often eventually bring about a cure. Let me 
say here, if the patients have entered the last stage of the 
disease, in the interest of humanity keep them at home. 
This cannot be emphasized too strongly. There they will 
have more comforts; and the radical change of climate, with 
the long, and tiresome journey necessary in reaching here, 



II 

only tends to materially hasten the end. During the win- 
ter months, this class of patients, in common with all 
others, may reasonably expect to hold their own, and usu- 
ally make substantial gains. It will readily be perceived 
by a careful perusal of this article, that there is greater 
reason to expect beneficial results in all diseased conditions 
from a sojourn in this climate, than in any other winter 
resort. While this is undoubtedly so, it is equally true 
that the hot, dry air of summer produces the best results. 
In heart diseases we find the cooler weather of winter the 
most beneficial. In some cases the reverse is true. The 
hotter and dryer it gets, the more comfortable the patient 
becomes. This is especially so where the disease is com- 
plicated with diseased kidneys or rheumatic diathesis. 
Catarrhal conditions of head and throat are most relieved 
during the summer, especially the moist varieties. Diseases 
of the digestive tract, dyspepsia, chronic dysentery, and 
diarrhea, do exceedingly well here, and are usually 
promptly relieved. This is doubly true during the hot 
months. The summer conditions, of high temperature and 
low humidity, cause a determination of blood to the sur- 
face, maintaining it there for months at a time, and 
thereby entirely relieving all internal congestions. Kidney 
troubles are so prevalent I must not forget to mention, that 
during the heated term the kidneys excrete less than one- 
half of the normal quantity of urine. During this period 
of rest, the unloading of the effete material of the system 
is carried on by the sweat-glands of the skin, and a healthy 
equilibrium is maintained. This continuous high temper- 
ature and very dry air keeps the blood at the surface, 
thereby making the sweat-glands very active. Perspira- 



tion is constant and copious, and, by its instant evapora- 
tion, keeps the surface cool and the bodily temperature at 
normal. These conditions are very advantageous to dis- 
eased kidneys, giving them a much needed rest, and an 
opportunity to recuperate. When to this is added a drink- 
ing-water, pure, wholesome, and devoid of all alkali, it is 
easily understood why this valley is fast getting an enviable 
reputation for the alleviation and cure of all forms of this 
disease. In rheumatic affections, while in winter patients are 
made very comfortable, it is in summer that the constant 
free perspiration maintained for months without ceasing, 
entirely eliminates from the system all morbid material. 
In diseases of the nervous system, so prevalent in this age, 
this climate is a true panacea. This is especially so of 
persons suffering from insomnia and nervous prostration. 
Here, again, the best results are during the summer 
months. The universal verdict is, "I have nowhere else slept 
as I do here." This is the universal expression. The tired- 
out, starved nerves, over-worked and over-wrought, experi- 
ence in this balmy air the perfect relaxation and rest they 
so long have been in need of. The dry, hot air of summer 
seems to quiet the nervous system, is soothing, restful, and 
when to this a voracious appetite is added, with perfect di- 
gestion, which is the only epidemic during this season, the 
results are understood without further elaboration. Fin- 
ally, the perfect summer nights soothe and rest one's 
nerves as does nothing else in all the world. 



THE. CLIMATE OF SALT RIVER VALLEY. 

A paper read before the American Institute of Homoeopathy at 
Detroit, Michigan, in June 1896, by Wm. L. Woodruff, M.D., 
Phoenix, Arizona, and printed in the "Transactions" of that 
year at page 994. 

That climate stands at the head of the list of favorable 
conditions requisite for the successful prevention and 
arrest of the progress of a large number of diseases I think 
you will all readily admit. 

I think it equally true, that, believing the above, the 
profession are anxious to learn of the best place for the 
greatest number. That place I claim, and will try to 
prove, is the Salt River Valley in the southwestern quarter 
of Arizona, with Phoenix as its largest center of popula- 
tion. 

The essential features of climate necessary to meet the 
requirements of an ideal health resort, for persons suffering 
with chronic diseases generally, and especially with diseases 
of lung and throat, kidneys, rheumatism, and conditions of 
mal-nutrition are. First, a warmth and geniality which en- 
ables the weakened subject to spend the greatest possible 
amount of time in the pure air with the minimum amount 
of clothing. Second, a degree of dryness of the atmos- 
phere which will insure rapid and easy elimination from 
the skin, thus relieving the weakened and diseased mucous 

13 



14 

surfaces from the full task of elimination, which ordinarily 
they are expected to perform, but under diseased condi- 
tions cannot accomplish, in consequence of which inability 
there is imperfect elimination, and gradual poisoning of the 
system from the circulation of blood not fully deprived of 
its effete material. Third, an equability of climate, which 
does not suddenly go from great extremes of heat to cold, 
whose night and day temperatures are not too far separ- 
ated, and where there is so little dampness in the air that 
the changes in temperature are but little felt. Fourth, 
the minimum of wind movement, and that with the least 
possible contamination from decaying vegetable substances, 
decomposed animal matter, or poisonous gases of whatever 
origin. Fifth, such a combination of climate, general 
healthfulness and commercial, industrial and social advant- 
ages that the health seeker may live in comfort and with 
profit, if he be inclined to employ himself in remunerative 
occupations within the limits of his strength. 

Imagine, if you can, a valley varying from 5 to 75 miles 
in width and 200 miles in length, with continuous mountain 
chains on either side, running from northeast to southwest, 
this valley terminating in a gulf whose surface contains 
53,000 square miles, whose opening into the equatorial 
Pacific Ocean is 250 miles wide, and having the same con- 
tinuous mountain chains. You can then readily understand 
how the equatorial trade winds sweeping up the west coast 
of Mexico enter with the tropical ocean currents the con- 
fines surrounding the Gulf of California, and that these 
winds, after sweeping over these 53,000 square miles of 
tropical waters, form the prevailing winter winds of this 
vast valley, and in great measure produce the mild, salu- 



15 

brious winters for which the upper part of this valley, 
known as the Salt River Valley, is fast becoming famous. 

To this add continuous high mountain ranges surround- 
ing us on the west, north, and east, and you have a land- 
or rather rock-locked valley, from which all the cold win- 
ter winds are excluded, and if perchance while the blizzard 
is sweeping over the rest of the country we should feel the 
edge of it, it can only reach us by the settling down of the 
upper air currents, and not by a direct blow. 

Here in this favored spot — the sun-kissed Valley of the 
Salt River — you will find a haven of rest and safety for the 
invalid that fills all the requirements, and the like of 
which does not exist in any other portion of the known world. 

Winters in the Salt River Valley are mild, salubrious, 
with rarely a severe frost. Out of door life is possible, 
customary and enjoyable, and excepting the rainy season, 
which lasts but a few days, one can sleep out of doors with 
impunity. The invalid can spend every hour of the twen- 
ty-four out of doors, or in a tent, not only without risk but 
with great benefit. The pure, warm, dry air, is invigorating 
and life-giving, and is indeed Nature's stimulant and tonic. 

The days are warm, delightful, sunshiny. A cloudy day 
is a curiosity, there being rarely more than two or three 
during the month. There is, I think, no other place in the 
civilized world where the cloudy days are so few and the 
sunshine so continuous and perpetual. The following 
tables will demonstrate this better than anything that I 
can say: 



i6 



COMPARATIVE DATA AT PHOENIX, ARIZ., AUGUST, 1895, TO JUNE, 1896. 



Data. 


2 

1 
< 


1 
S 

ft 








0) 

1 




B 
S 

<u 

Q 


c 




Is 


< 


>< 


i 

•— > 


Mean actual 
temperature __ 

Mean sensible 
temperature __ 

Lowest temp 

Highest temp 

Mean rel. humid- 
ity, 5 A.M 

Mean rel. humid- 
ity, 5 P.M 

Percentage of 
sunshine 

Monthly rainfall 
(inches) 


89 

70 

65 
no 

61 

27 

85 
0.27 


82 
64 

47 
107 

54 
29 

89 

O.IO 


72 

59 

48 

93 
67 

39 
88 
0.80 


57 

49 
34 
83 

81 

54 
81 

0.89 


49 

41 

23 
78 

76 

40 

88 

0.09 


54 

44 
30 
79 

69 

40 

77 
0.46 


56 

44 
28 
82 

65 

25 
87 
0.05 


62 

48 

34 
92 

56 
21 

75 
0.39 


64 

48 
38 
89 

50 

15 

91 

0.05 


74 

54 

45 

no 

41 

14 

89 

trace 


-- 



Trace rainfall = too small to measure. 
100 — continuous sunshine. 
Station established August, 1895. 

Arthur S. White, Observer in charge. 

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF DRY-BULB MEAN TEMPERATURES. 



Phoenix, A. T 

San Diego, Calif. 

San Antonio, Texas. 

Santa Fe, N. M. 

Denver, Colo. __. 

Los Angeles, Calif. 





1895. 






1896. 




Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


72.0 


57-0 


49.0 


540 


56.0 


62.0 


64.0 


63.8 


58.1 


54-3 


54-5 


57-5 


576 


s6.o 


65.5 


55-4 


5 '-7 


520 


.54-2 


590 


68.1 


46.9 


32.6 


23.8 


31-7 


31-6 


39-8 


47-7 


46.4 


35-4 


31.7 


35-2 


362 


35.5 


48.6 


66.0 


600 


56.0 


580 


60.0 


57.0 


56.0 



Elevation 

above 
sea level. 



1 160 feet 

93 " 

679 " 

6998 " 

5287 " 

330 " 



COMPARATIVE TABLE OF WET-BULB MEAN TEMPERATURES. 



Phoenix, A. T 

San Diego, Calif 

San Antonio, Texas 

Sana Fe, N. M 

Denver, Colo 

Los Angeles, Calif.- 





189;. 






1896. 


Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


59-0 


49.0 


41.0 


440 


44.0 


480 


59-2 


5'-4 


^h.6 


49-7 


48.9 


52.2 


55-2 


30.4 


448 


4\3 


46.4 


531 


39-2 


243 


14.8 


26.8 


25-4 


30.6 


36.6 


28.2 


25 2 


28.0 


29.2 


29.6 


52.0 


52.0 


48.0 


52.0 


51.0 


53.0 



Apr. 



48.0 
S0.2 
62.5 

33-8 
385 
50.0 



17 



COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MEAN MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES. 





1895. 


1896. 




Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


Phoenix, A. T 

San Diego, Calif 

San Antonio, Texas. 

Santa Fe, N. H 

Denver, Colo 

Los Angeles, Calif... 


93.0 
70.6 
80.0 
59-8 
80.0 
76.0 


83.0 
68.7 

67-5 
44.0 

75-0 
72.6 


78.0 
65.1 
65.0 

37-7 
69.0 
69.0 


79.0 

64.3 
63.6 
42.8 
67.0 
68.0 


82.0 
67.7 
67.6 

68".o 
730 


92.0 
66.7 
72.1 

51-4 
76.0 
70.0 


89.0 

63.9 
79.0 
60.4 
80.0 
67.0 



COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MEAN MINIMUM TEMPERATURES. 





1895. 


1896. 




Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


Phoenix, A. T 

San Diego, Calif 

San Antonio, Texas. 

Santa Fe, N. M 

Denver, Colo 

Los Angeles, Calif.. . 


48.0 

58.2 
57-5 
39-3 
21.0 

55.0 


340 

50.1 
48.4 
26.1 
2.0 
47.6 


23.0 
44.8 

43-7 

17.1 

50 

44.0 


30.0 

46.7 

44 5 

25.0 

0.0 

47.0 


30.0 

47-7 
43-8 
23.6 
9.0 
450 


28.0 
49.6 

49-7 

29-6 

0.0 

47.0 


38.0 
49.1 
61.6 

35-3 

9.0 

46.0 



As to the dryness of the atmosphere, there is but one 
opinion, I believe, as to its being an essential feature of an 
ideal climate and health resort. In this particular, I can 
assure you, we excel. This valley is the dryest place avail- 
able for the health seeker, if not the dryest place in the 
world. The following table of relative humidity for the 
seven months just past conclusively demonstrates this fact. 



COMPARATIVE TABLE OF MEAN RELATIVE HUMIDITY. 
(The rainfall for Phoenix during these seven months is 2.70.) 





1895. 


1896. 




Oct. 


Nov. 


Dec. 


Jan. 


Feb. 


Mar. 


Apr. 


Phoenix, A. T 


53-0 


68.0 


58.0 


54-0 


45-0 


38.0 


32.0 


San Diego, Calif 


78.2 


68.0 


S6.6 


72.6 


s8.o 


71.0 


67.0 


San Antonio, Texas. 


57-2 


72.3 


56.4 


66. s 


S7-8 


69.3 


75-1 


Santa Fe, N. M 


51.8 


60.0 


51-6 


51.0 


43-1 


34-9 


19.4 


Denver, Colo 


53 4 


44.9 


41.4 


44-5 


46.2 


59-7 


46.8 


Los Angeles, Calif.. . 


82.0 


60.0 


57-0 


68.0 


52.0 


70.0 


67.0 



i8 

I think a study of this table with the one preceding will 
disclose conditions extremely favorable to the elimination 
of effete material from the skin, thus relieving the weak- 
ened and overburdened mucous membrane, and internal 
organs, and thereby favoring recuperative processes. This 
is especially so during the summer months, to which we 
will refer later. 

Our one weak point is the difference between night and 
day temperatures. This difference is quite marked, but is 
much more so measured by the dry-bulb thermometer than 
by the wet-bulb. The extreme dryness of the atmosphere 
makes the lower temperature less perceptible than in more 
moist climates, though there the extremes be considerably 
less. Owing to the dryness of the air the mid-day temper- 
atures do not seem nearly so high as they actually are, 
neither do the lower temperatures of night produce the chill 
one would expect, from looking at the reading of the dry- 
bulb thermometer. 

The actual discomfort from this wide range of tempera- 
ture is but slight, and its danger largely imaginary. 
Neither danger or discomfort from this cause is equal to 
that in a moist climate with a range of temperature not 
more than one-third as great. 

This difference is much less, and indeed exists but in a 
very small degree, in the higher lands of the foothills and 
upper sides of the valley. The altitude at Phoenix is i,ioo 
feet, and in the foothills on the sides of the valley it will 
run from 300 to 500 feet higher. 

The wind movement in the Salt River Valley is so slight 
as scarcely to be a factor. Our average annual wind move- 
ment is but two and 84-100 miles per hour. A wind of twen- 



19 

ty-five miles an hour is unknown. The gentlest of zephyrs 
usually prevail. As on all sides there is but barren moun- 
tain and desert, as nothing grows except by irrigation, and 
as the water is under the perfect control of man, there is no 
danger from decomposed vegetable matter. 

The atmosphere is so dry and pure that animal matter 
dries up instead of decaying. There being no marshes or 
stagnant pools there is absolutely nothing but pure, uncon- 
taminated air to breathe. 

Now the very best proof that what I have claimed in the 
above is true, is the low death rate for the valley for the 
past four years, as shown by the table to be found on page 
9 of this book. 

Now a word as to the summers in this valley. Accurate 
data I cannot give you as to temperature, humidity, etc. 
The Weather Bureau station was only established at Phoe- 
nix last fall. This I can say from personal observations 
extending over four summers, and as corroborated by the 
said table of vital statistics — that there is not a more 
healthy place on earth than this same Salt River Valley in 
the summer time. While about one-third of all the deaths 
in the United States during the summer months are from 
bowel troubles among infants, here such deaths average 
less than two each month in a population of 15,000. Our 
death rate last summer for the whole five hot months was 
but one-fourth of one per cent., while the average for the 
whole country was about 2.2 per cent. Is there any other 
place that can make such a showing? 

To understand our unparalleled healthfulness during the 
period when the rest of the world is suffering from heat 
prostration and allied diseases we must for a few moments 



20 

turn our attention to the study of the difference in the 
reading of the wet and dry-bulb thermometer. 

The better to do this I will quote freely from a recent 
article by Captain William A. Glassford, Signal Corps, U. 
S. A., Denver, Colo. : 

Every person who has resided in the humid and in the 
sunshine region knows that there is something wrong with 
the indications of the thermometer; that there is a marked 
failure to express, in terms of degrees of temperature, the 
way in which recorded temperature affects his comfort in 
the two regions. If the traveler from the East happens to 
be in Albuquerque, Denver, Salt Lake City, Boise City, or 
Sacramento, when the thermometer is at or near the ioo° 
point, he must be shown the instrument to be satisfied it is 
so high, because the discomfort that he is familiar with as 
a concomitant of such recorded heat in his section is en- 
tirely absent. Seeking the cause of this fact he is told that 
it is accounted for by the absence of humidity. To most 
people the real reason is still more or less obscure. That 
loo degrees makes the man hotter in one place than in the 
other is accepted as well known; but the amount of this 
difference in degrees is not at all generally apprehended. 

On a nearly north and south line near Wilmington, N. 
C, and Pittsburg, Pa., the compass bearing is due north; 
while throughout the arid region it swings from io° to 20° 
out of true, due to magnetic variation. What would be 
thought of the practical experience and science of a sur- 
veyor from the Eastern States who, on coming to the arid 
region, would expect to use a compass reading without 
knowing or using this magnetic variation? None the less 
unscientific, if I may not say absurd, when considering the 



sensible climatic influence on the human body, is the plac- 
ing side by side of the recorded thermometric observations 
of an arid with a humid region, without applying a correc- 
tion or variation factor for dryness and humidity, as is 
necessary for the magnetic variation when using the com- 
pass. But we live in a scientific age, and the means exist 
to determine and familiarize the people of this country 
with the exact variation factor to be applied to our records 
of temperature to reduce the expression of heat or cold felt 
by human beings everywhere to a common standard of sen- 
sibility. 

A clothed, living body, having a great evaporating sur- 
face through the pores of the skin, is affected by what is 
known as the evaporation or sensible temperature; which 
is found by placing the thermometer bulb in nearly the 
same environment as the human body in summer — that is, 
by clothing or surrounding it with cotton, dipping into a 
humid source, so that the capillary tubes of the cotton 
fibers may carry around the bulb moisture, as perspiration 
is carried to the surface of the body through the skin. The 
resulting evaporation about the moistened surfaces of the 
human body and the thermometer is similar, and the 
greater the dryness of the air, the greater and the more 
rapid is the evaporation and the resulting coolness. A 
gentle wind carries off the layers of air in contact with the 
body as they become more or less saturated with moisture, 
and they are replaced by drier air, thus promoting evapor- 
ation whereby the temperature of the surface is lowered. 
Every one has felt the sensation caused by wind blowing on 
damp garments or on wet skin, and the cold thus experi- 
enced. The normal skin gives off a quantity of water in 



22 

the form of perspiration, and in proportion to the dryness 
of the air this moisture disappears by evaporation. The 
passage of this moisture into vapor causes the abstraction 
of heat from the body, and the bodily temperature is low- 
ered, as may be readily observed some little time after 
severe exertion. Light cotton or linen fabrics allow the 
perspiration to pass through freely, so that the evaporation 
and cooling process is unchecked. 

The dryness of the arid region is most favorable to these 
cooling influences, while in the East the close, humid air, 
being already almost constantly saturated with moisture, is 
unable to absorb the moisture on the skin ; and so not only is 
there an absence of the cooling effects of evaporation, but 
the perspiration remaining on the body helps to clog the 
pores and thus produces the well known and thoroughly 
uncomfortable suffocating effect. 

When the air is saturated with moisture — a condition 
often present in the East during the heated term — there is 
absolutely no evaporation; consequently, in such cases, the 
deduction of our temperature from this cause is zero, and 
the sensible temperature thermometer and the ordinary 
thermometer read alike. But this is seldom or never the 
case in the arid region, on account of its dryness. 

The variation between the sensible temperature and the 
reading of the ordinary thermometer is greatest in the hot- 
test season of the year, and during the hottest part of the 
day, and that is precisely the time when it is most needed. 

As there is a signal service record of the readings of 
these two kinds of thermometers for a number of years, 
taken at 7 a.m., 3 p.m., and 11 p.m., I will take, as repre- 
senting the extreme heat occurrence, the "means" of those 



23 

readings for the month of July for a period of years for all 
places of observation in the United States, and compare 
them by drawing isotherms showing the reading of the sen- 
sible temperature thermometer and the ordinary thermom- 
eter, and contrast them. 

Yuma, Arizona, which is but a few miles from the Gulf 
of California, and is influenced by the moist winds there- 
from, is generally reputed to be the hottest place in the 
United States. Fortunately, to controvert this, we have a 
signal service weather record for that point, as we have 
also of the cities on the Mexican gulf, and on our South 
Atlantic shore line. From these records it appears that 
the mean sensible temperature, deduced from the three 
daily observations for the month of July at Yuma is but 
75°. Turn to the East to find where like conditions pre- 
vail, and incredible as it may seem, we discover that we 
have not a single one of the shore line cities between Wil- 
mington, N. C, and Brownsville, Tex., at which the mean 
July sensible temperature does not exceed this 75° at 
Yuma. Not only is this true, but all the citrus districts 
of Florida, the sugar-cane region of Louisiana, and the to- 
bacco lands of Texas, are south of the 75° line, and so are 
sensibly warmer than Yuma, Arizona. 

Yuma, as before stated, is affected by the moist winds 
blowing from the Gulf of California; therefore its sensible 
temperature is not as low as many of the valleys (which are 
susceptible of reclamation by irrigation) in the midst of the 
so-called deserts of California and Arizona. 

As this is one of the startling facts brought out by the 
investigation of the data upon which this paper is based, 
permit me to repeat it. The coast of South Carolina and 



24 

Georgia, all of Florida, the seaboard of Alabama and Mis- 
sissippi, nearly the whole of Louisiana, and the southeast 
part (one-third) of Texas, is not so well favored in July as 
Yuma, Arizona, which is the most humid place, hence the 
most uncomfortable perhaps in the arid season. 

North of the line of the Yuma or 75° July mean sensible 
temperature, of which the sections last noted are to the 
south, lies the belt of sensible temperature between 75° 
and 70°. The upper edge of this zone or the line of 70° 
for July, may be located by commencing at Chesapeake 
Bay, near Washington City, following the eastern foothills 
of the Alleghany range, turning north at Chattanooga, in- 
cluding West Tennessee and Kentucky, extreme Southern 
Indiana and Illinois, Southeast Missouri, including the city 
of St. Louis, following closely the north and northwest 
boundaries of the Indian Territory and Texas, also South- 
west Arizona, and Southeast California. 

Having discussed the mean sensible temperature of the 
warmest month, a glance at what is shown for the warmest 
part of the day in the hottest month may serve to further 
accentuate the comparative comfortableness of the arid 
region. Yuma, Arizona, has a mean sensible July temper- 
ature at 3 p.m. of 78°; Charleston, S. C, Titusville, Flor., 
Galveston, and Brownsville, Tex., have the same; Key 
West is 1° degree hotter. Phoenix, Arizona, farther from 
the influence of the moist atmosphere of the Gulf of Cali- 
fornia, is 4° cooler than Yuma in the hottest part of the 
day. 

It may be said that the average of 11°, the observation 
including those at 7 in the morning and 11 at night, for the 
month of July, represents only general conditions and not 



25 

special instances; but here, also, to controvert this assump- 
tion, I have authoritative signal service data. As it is de- 
sired to show only the side of the case least favorable to 
arid America, leaving the genial dry air and sunshine of 
winter in the arid regions uncontrasted with the cold waves, 
slush, and humid somberness of the Eastern winters, only 
midsummer extremes will be stated. 

As Yuma is a regular signal service station, where com- 
plete records have been kept for twenty years, let us see 
what are the extremes there. The greatest shade temper- 
ature recorded is ii8°, but, as this was registered by a self- 
recording thermometer, the evaporation temperature at the 
same time is not given. However, at another time, when 
ii6° was recorded, the wet-bulb thermometer was at 70°. 
It is well known that this dry heat produces no injurious 
effects, sunstrokes being unknown. 

It follows from these recorded facts that in the hottest 
parts of the arid region the midsummer weather is not only 
endurable, but even enjoyable and refreshing. Those are 
the facts as they exist now, when the present conditions — 
the bare soil, etc., — are especially conducive to high temper- 
ature. But it may be readily conceived that there will take 
place salubrious modifications, as some of us have already 
realized, when these desert places are covered with the 
green carpet of alfalfa and the verdure of trees; when the 
wasting waters are stored and diverted by the irrigator to 
the surface of a soil only waiting for water to produce 
bountifully, not only the fruits of the earth in due season, 
but almost to produce the seasons themselves at will." 

That the difference between the reading of the wet and 
dry-bulb thermometers in the dry, hot atmosphere of the 



26 

Salt River Valley is much greater than is actually experi- 
enced by the human body I must admit, but it is equally 
true that the higher the reading of the dry-bulb goes, the 
greater is the perspiration, and the more nearly do the con- 
ditions of the body conform to that of the wet-bulb, and 
more nearly are the actual heat conditions experienced by a 
person registered by this wet-bulb. 

The actual heat experienced in this climate by the hu- 
man body varies from 5 to 20 degrees lower than the 
reading of the dry-bulb thermometer, and is influenced by 
the percentage of humidity, by the degree of heat, and the 
amount and kind of clothing worn. 

If the human body could be kept in the same condition 
of moisture as is the wet-bulb, and in the same strong cur- 
rent of air, the reading of the wet-bulb would accurately 
register our sensation of heat. 

If a person should remove all clothing, wrap himself in 
a wet sheet and stand out in the sunshine with a stiff wind 
blowing, those conditions would approximate the condi- 
tions of the wet-bulb. As this is not the conventional or 
convenient mode of dress, it is not practicable, and these 
conditions are never fully realized. They are more nearly 
attained by the laboring man in the fields, who is in a con- 
stant copious perspiration. 

Judging from pretty careful observation I apprehend 
that under average conditions, if you will divide the differ- 
ence in the reading between the wet and dry-bulb by two, 
and add this to the reading of the wet-bulb, you will arrive 
at the correct decree of heat experienced by the human 
body in the Salt River Valley. 

Our summers are hot. The sunshine is continuous dur- 



27 



ing the day. The nights are cool, comfortable, balmy, 
almost seductive. If a perfect night is ever experienced 
it is here during the summer. The heat is stimulating, 
healthful, and not the least depressing. Perspiration is 
copious and evaporation instant. One feels well and soon 
gets to long for the summer time, when people live out of 
doors both day and night. That lassitude which one feels 
during the dog days in moister climes is entirely absent. 

This is the season when the invalid makes his greatest 
improvement, when he sleeps with only the sky for a cover- 
ing, and contentedly swings in his hammock during the day, 
filling up at his pleasure on luscious fruit in great variety. 

I can give you data for the month of May just passed, 
which I think will surprise you. As you all know this month 
gave us everywhere a taste of what hot weather is. The fol- 
lowing table will give you a slight idea of what summers are 
like in the Salt River Valley when nature surpasses herself. 

TABLE OF ACTUAL AND SENSIBLE TEMPERATURES FOR THE MONTH 
OF MAY, 1896, WITH THE PKRCENTAGE OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY 
FOR EACH DAY EXCEPT SUNDAY. 

(Observations taken at 8:1:0 p.m. by U. S. W. B., Voluntary.) 



Date. 



May 



2. 

3 

4- 

5- 

6. 

7 
8 

9- 
10. 
Il- 
ia. 
13- 
14- 
15- 
16. 



Actual 
Dry- 
Bulb. 


Sensible 
Wet- 
Bulb. 


Per Cent- 
Relative 
Humid- 
ity. 


82. 


55- 


II 


85.5 


57-7 


J3 


85.5 


57-5 


13 


85.2 


59- 


17 


75-4 


514 


13 


72.5 


51- 


18 


73-5 


52. 


19 


81. 


56. 


31 


83.' 


54- 


9 


83.5 


56. 


9 


8^6 


56. 


11 


872 


54-5 


7 


8s. 


55 5 


10 


83 


54- 


9 



Date. 



May 17. 

18. 

19- 
20. 
21 . 

22. 
23- 
24- 
25- 
26. 

27- 
28. 



29- 
30 
31- 



Actual 


Sensible 


Dry- 


Wet- 


Bulb. 


Bulb. 


89^2 


59. 


84.2 


55. 


87. 


57- 


86.8 


58. 


89. 


595 


85.9 


6i.6 


104. 


67' 


100 5 


68. 


108.8 


69. 


108.5 


69. 


98. 


66. 


873 


59-4 


— 


... 



Percent. 
Relative 
Humid- 
ity. 



II 

9 
II 

14 
13 

22 

12 
10 
II 
10 

16 
15 



28 

This is a rapidly growing community of industrious, in- 
telligent, law-abiding people, where the stranger is welcome 
and is soon made to feel at home. 

The conditions of climate and soil are such that any- 
thing that will grow in any other part of this country can 
be grown in the Salt River Valley just as readily and in 
the majority of instances to much better advantage than 
elsewhere. Lands are cheap and easily attained and any- 
one who so desires can find profitable employment. 

That you may the more readily concede to Phoenix and 
vicinity its proper place, at the head of the list, as a city 
which leads all others in natural sanitary conditions and 
healthfulness, I will here reproduce some vital statistics 
taken from the May number of The Sanitarian^ comprising 
the annual death rate per one thousand inhabitants for 1895 
in the following cities: 

Compare the death rate of Phoenix, Arizona, 5.04, with that of — 

Salt Lake City, Utah 7.37 MinneapoHs, Minn 8.96 

St. Paul, Minn 9.86 Buffalo, N. Y 11. 12 

Denver, Colo -10.37 Kansas City, Mo. 13.28 

Concord, N. H i4-05 Milwaukee, Wis 14-37 

Los Angeles, Calif 15.84 Tampa, Fla 20.59 

Portland, Maine 24.75 Mobile, Ala -2944 

St. Louis, Mo 17.07 

These few will serve to make my point; the other prin- 
cipal cities of the United States, with their more or less 
perfect sanitary conditions, range between Kansas City, 
Mo., with her 13.28, and Mobile, Alabama, at 29.44. 

As to diseases and their curability or alleviation by the 
climatic conditions and surroundings of the Salt River Val- 
ley, I have tried to be sufficiently explicit, and will leave you 
to draw your own conclusions and make your own deductions. 



29 



U. S. Department of Agriculture — Weather Bureau. 

WEATHER DATA AT PHOENIX, ARIZONA, 1896. 

(Observations taken at 8 A.M. and 8 p.m. 75th M. time. Corresponds to 5:32 a.m. 
and 5:32 P.M. local time.) 





















a 




4J 


S 




a 




OS 


< 


rt 

s 




<— > 


1n 

1 

< 


1 

a 



s 
IS 


S 

<u 


Q 


Mean f Dry- ( a.m. 
tern- j bulb / p.m. 


43 


44 


5' 


51 


61 


73 


77 


77 


72 


60 


48 


44 


63 


67 


73 


76 


87 


102 


97 


98 


92 


78 


67 


63 


pera- ] Wet- I a.m. 
ture (^bulb } p.m. 


39 


39 


44 


43 


49 


58 


69 


69 


63 


54 


43 


39 


50 


49 


52 


52 


58 


67 


72 


^§ 


69 


61 


54 


49 


Extremes U^'t?; 


79 


62 


92 


89 


no 


115 


109 


108 


104 


98 


83 


75 


30 


28 


34 


38 


45 


61 


69 


69 


55 


47 


32 


33 


♦Relative ( a.m. 
humidity __ ( p.m. 


69 


65 


56 


50 


41 


40 


68 


65 


60 


70 


67 


65 


40 


25 


21 


15 


14 


13 


30 


33 


33 


41 


42 


35 


Percentage of sun- 


























shine 


77 


87 


75 


91 


89 


98 


73 


85 


82 


81 


81 


79 


Total rainfall 


.46 


•05 


•39 


•05 


T 


T 


4-25 


1.77 


1. 18 


1.02 


.64 


.67 


The normal tem-^ 
perature as de- 


















































termined from y 


49 


54 


61 


67 


75 


83 


90 


88 


81 


69 


58 


53 


13 years' obser- | 


























vation j 


























The average rain-^ 


























fall as deter- 


























mined from 16 [^ 


.57 


.89 


.68 


.30 


.16 


.07 


.85 


.97 


•54 


.62 


•44 


1. 12 


years' observa- j 


























tions J 



























* Percentage. W. T. Blythe, 

Observer and Sec. Director U. S. Weather Bureau. 



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Number of days clear 

" " " part cloudy 

" " «« cloudy 

Percentage of sunshine during month ___ 

Inches of rainfall during month 

Excess of precipitation above normal 

Deficiency of precipitation below normal- 
Number of rainy days in which j^ of an 

inch or over, fell 

Mean relative humidity, per cent 



THE INFLUENCE OF IRRIGATION ON CLI- 
MATE AND HEALTH. 

An article by Wm. Lawrence Woodruff, M.D., Phoenix, Arizona, 
published in The Irrigation Age, for August, 1896. 

The conclusive discussion of this subject implies a study 
of the physical conditions of the given locality — a compar- 
ison of meteorological data for a considerable period while 
arid conditions prevailed, with similar data after the same 
territory has been brought under irrigation — consideration 
of the percentage of humidity most conducive to health, 
with the prevailing temperatures, altitude, and wind move- 
ments, and the determination of actual and ascertained 
general effects, as shown by freedom from disease in the 
community and by vital statistics. Each of these elements of 
the problem must be studied in its relation to all the others. 
The inquiry is inherently difficult and complex under the 
most favorable conditions. 

Captain William A. Glassford, Signal Corps, U. S. A., 
of Denver, Colo., a high authority in such matters, says in a 
recent article: "In the hottest parts of this arid region the 
midsummer weather is not only endurable, but even enjoy- 
able and refreshing. These are the facts as they exist now, 
when the present conditions — the bare soil, etc. — are 
especially conducive to high temperature. But it may be 
readily conceived that there will take place salubrious mod- 

31 



32 

ifications, as some of us have already realized, when these 
desert places are covered with a green carpet of alfalfa and 
the verdure of trees; when the wasting waters are stored 
and diverted by the irrigator to the surface of a soil only 
waiting for water to produce bountifully, not only the fruits 
of the earth in due season, but almost to produce the sea- 
sons themselves at will." 

In the nature of the case we could not expect any defi- 
nite scientific data for this vicinity prior to the practice of 
irrigation. The precipitation is about seven inches per 
annum. Without it settlement and residence are impractic- 
able in a locality in which agriculture must depend for 
moisture solely upon irrigation. In the Salt River Valley, 
settlement and irrigation came hand in hand. 

The Salt River Valley, with Phoenix as its center, is 
situated in the vicinity of the 33d parallel of north latitude. 

The surrounding physical and climatic conditions are 
totally different from those of any other locality under irri- 
gation, and must be understood in order to arrive at right 
conclusions. 

It has an elevation ranging from 1,000 to 1,500 feet 
above sea level. 

High mountain ranges surround it on all sides, save on 
the southwest, where it verges into the larger Gila Valley. 

The Gila Valley, under similar conditions, extends to 
the Gulf of California, which in turn extends with its 
53,000 square miles of surface well into the tropical zone. 

This great inland sea, with its mouth 250 miles wide, 
flanked on either side with continuous mountain chains, 
acts as a funnel into which the tropical waters and winds, 
sweeping from the equator up the Mexican coast, enter. 



33 

These surroundings and winds are largely the influences 
which go to produce our peculiar and phenomenal climatic 
conditions. 

It is universally conceded that an atmosphere carrying 
too much moisture is unfavorable to perfect health. It 
may not be so well known, but is equally certain that the 
air may be too dry. A couple of my patients had this ex- 
perience. During a long drive upon the desert, on an 
exceedingly hot day, the air became extremely dry and 
fairly burned. Their throats became parched and perspi- 
ration ceased. No amount of water taken internally seemed 
to relieve this condition, which was speedily followed by a 
languor and then stupor, bordering on coma. This thor- 
oughly alarmed the wiser of them, and sensibly, during the 
remainder of the day they took turns, fifteen minutes in 
duration, one driving while the other gratified the irresisti- 
ble desire to sleep, and in this way they reached irrigated 
ground in safety. The same phenomena have been ob- 
served in numerous other cases. I am satisfied this ex- 
plains many cases of death upon the desert which have here- 
tofore been attributed to lack of water. During the sum- 
mer time, in this locality, elimination by the kidneys is re- 
duced one-half. Perspiration is immensely increased and 
the skin becomes the chief eliminating organ of the system. 
When the percentage of humidity in the air gets below a 
certain point, the evaporation from the surface of the body 
becomes too instant, the surface burns, perspiration and 
elimination of effete material cease, thus producing the 
phenomena above described. I attribute these effects en- 
tirely to a lack of sufficient moisture in the atmosphere. 

I am not prepared, as yet, at least, to fix definitely the 



34 

point at which the percentage of moisture in the air is 
neither too great nor too little. Investigation may, and 
probably will, show that the most favorable degree of 
saturation would vary according to individual characteris- 
tics. It is probable there is a range of lo or 12 degrees 
within which it is difficult, if not impossible, to say that any 
given point would be more favorable to general health than 
another. It may be safely said that in the temperature of 
the Salt River Valley, during the summer, a humidity below 
8 per cent, is disadvantageous, while that above 20 per 
cent, begins to become oppressive. 

Both actual and sensible temperature, as shown respec- 
tively by the readings of dry and wet-bulb thermometers, 
must always be considered in connection with the humidity. 
In every climate there are seasons when the percentage of 
humidity is excessive, and results generally in a feeling of 
depression. In the Salt River Valley these periods are 
usually limited to say a week in February, and a week in 
August, very much less in duration than in any other local- 
ity within my observation. There is very little wind here. 
The mean average hourly movement at Phoenix for a period 
of years is stated by the United States Signal Service at two 
and 37-100 miles. It would be interesting to compare the 
humidity of the higher lands of the valley near the foothills 
with that in the lower valley, but no data exist for such 
statement. We know that it is 10 to 15 degrees warmer in 
winter and cooler in summer, for instance, on the lands 
under the Rio Verde Canal on the north side and the High- 
land Canal on the south side of the Salt River than near 
the river at Phoenix. The extremes of temperature be- 
tween day and night are much less on the higher lands than 



35 

in the lower valley, and the danger of taking cold is propor- 
tionately reduced. 

* It is probable that the effects of irrigation on climate 
and health under the high temperature and low relative 
humidity of this valley are somewhat different from those 
in regions of lower temperature, greater humidity, and 
either higher or lower altitude. 

It is almost impossible, without accurate observations, 
to make comparisons, or to arrive at safe, definite conclu- 
sions as to the influence of irrigation on climate, either in a 
general way or in a given locality. I have been unable to 
procure any data whatever as related to this valley, or to 
any similar locality, showing the relative humidity before 
and after irrigation. Without such facts I can only state 
conclusions arrived at from personal observation and study 
of its effects on this locality. 

I am decidedly of the opinion that upon the deserts of 
Arizona, without irrigation, the moisture in the atmosphere 
is sometimes so little as to interfere with health and com- 
fort, and produce feverish conditions. The evaporation of 
water from the irrigated land supplies this deficiency to the 
air and obviates the injurious tendencies. 

I have frequently had this experience. The "wetting 
down" of my well-shaded porch on a hot summer day 
lowers the temperature, as shown by the thermometer hang- 
ing upon the wall, lo to 15 degrees. This result from the 
refrigeration of the air in the process of evaporation of the 
water. 

It is well known that a well-shaded dwelling in the midst 
of an alfalfa field is much cooler than the same residence 
surrounded by bare ground. This is due in part, perhaps. 



36 

to the absence of reflection from the earth, but chiefly, I 
think, to a similar slight refrigeration of the air by the 
evaporation of the moisture in the earth and vegetation of 
the surrounding field. The effect becomes still more marked 
when a gentle breeze is blowing. 

At Phoenix, during the summer months, the air is so dry 
that the mid-day registration of relative humidity ranges 
from 6 to 15 per cent. It rarely goes above the latter 
point, and if it were not for irrigation it would drop still 
lower, which is not desirable. 

My conclusion is that the evaporation of moisture from 
irrigated surfaces slightly increases the moisture in the air 
and promotes the healthfulness of both animal and plant 
life. 

That the evaporation from irrigation has but slight influ- 
ence in increasing the dampness in the surrounding air will 
be readily understood when we recall the following facts: 
That moist air is lighter in weight than is dry air. That 
moisture is evaporated as an invisible gas. That being 
lighter and a gas, it is not a disturbing atmospheric ele- 
ment. That it instantly rises with great velocity to a 
point in the atmosphere where the temperature is below its 
own dew point, where it becomes visible in the form of 
clouds. But a very small portion of the evaporated mois- 
ture is retained in the lower and warmer strata of air. The 
hotter the air the greater is the evaporation from the irri- 
gated ground. This evaporation lowers the earth's temper- 
ature and also that of the surrounding air. 

During the winter months, the temperature ranges much 
lower, evaporation is much less, and the air is constantly 
so dry that the slight influence it exerts is scarcely notice- 



37 

able. During the last winter the mean relative humidity 
was as follows: 1895, Oct. 53 per cent., Nov. 68 per cent., 
Dec. 58 per cent.; 1896, Jan. 54 per cent., Feb. 45 per 
cent., Mar. ^^ per cent., Apr. 32 per cent, with a rainfall 
during these same months of but 2.70 inches. 

It is well known that the best qualities of citrus fruits 
can only be grown where there is sometimes danger from 
frost. This danger in the citrus localities of the Salt River 
Valley only exists for say an hour at a time, and that 
about sunrise of a frosty morning. The horticulturist is 
able by flooding his irrigation ditches with water at this 
time to obviate, or lessen, the danger to his fruit. The 
water in the ditches will freeze before the fruit or the trees, 
and thus the temperature of the surrounding air is raised. 
This phenomenon exists all over the district under irriga- 
tion, to a greater or less extent, and the extremes of day 
and night temperatures are thus modified. 

As to the influence of irrigation on the healthfulness of 
the inhabitants of an irrigated district I can be more posi- 
tive. It is demonstrated by actual experience to be advan- 
tageous. Phoenix and the Salt River Valley is the healthi- 
est place in the United States. Next to it comes Salt Lake 
City, Utah, also in an irrigated district. 

That part of the Salt River Valley north of the Salt 
River, west of the Verde, and east of the Agua Fria, cover- 
ing a territory of 250 square miles and including the city of 
Phoenix, of which the population on a conservative basis 
for 1895, is placed at 15,000, had for the year named an 
annual death rate of 5.04 per one thousand inhabitants. 
Salt Lake City during the corresponding year had a death 
rate of 7.37. Our death rate for the five summer months 



last year was bit c-e-c-i.—.tr g: c-t per cc'"„ c: pcpi^a- 
tion, or 2.5^. ::r ^-t :h::;i-i i-hii-^-ts :- the a^iTt 
named territ : ;- :: : t : :r i- - £t.i- 1 

can im^^^ -:^ : ; : ; ti^tatt 

against h - - 

On th- : - L : : \- t \: ■.- ■ . l "i :r 

factor in . ^ ^ ^ -; - - = 

probable that on accoun: . t climatic condi- 

tions this is more em; . / ~ er Valley 

than any other local.:.. I .-^l^: ..t.^ 1^:: .t.;/./ to three 
canses. 

Under an irrigation svstt .rtrt 

art nt- ~ittr r.'.t:, cr s-t-S'-'-S m wcaco. vti'ttat.,:! i'ri~= 



under man's control, both c^s Istrl- 

bution. Vti't^lt:on is rank and proline, 11 1 rr: : 7 
where it is desired, and is limited to valna: r :; 

Useless vegetation is discouraged, bat shoal c .: -v ..i.-:t 
exist, it rather dries up than rots. 

This low dtith rate is further explained by the constant 
living in the ' which we enjoy to its utntst lirziit. 

Irrigation —■:-:';- '-e rapid and r'- ^ - il 

growth of tr- ; ; . .^ ^rass whic:. 

lawns, ma!.:t; i continuous existence out of d:::^ c:; :.t 

and enjoyable for three-quarters of the year. 

We live nature's life as nature intended we should live 
it, and have our reward of unparalleled healthfulness. 

I do not believe there 15 any other place en t^r t 

children art s: univ-; -. This is e- v ; ' ^ 

of the 5: -"t- season. 1 :.t are marr- . 



39 

"summer complaint," and kindred ailments. I never saw 
any place where the children thrive as they do in the Salt 
River Valley. 

To quote Captain Glassford again, he says in the same 
article: ''This greater portion of arid America, elevated 
high above the humid levels of the East, covered with 
aspects most sublime of the earth, fed with the most invig- 
orating constituents of the atmosphere, will yet be appre- 
ciated; and these elements, under the influence of modern 
civilization, will produce the hardiest and grandest race of 
men and women who have yet trod the planet. They will 
create a western empire and become masters of the conti- 
nent, if not of the world." 



SOME CLIMATIC FEATURES OF THE 
ARID REGION. 

Extracts from a paper by Willis L. Moore, Chief of United States 
Weather Bureau, communicated to Fifth National Irrigation 
Congress at Phoenix, December 15, 1896, and published by the 
Weather Bureau. An excellent aid to an appreciation of the 
bearing of the facts shown by the accompanying tables and 
charts. 

"Under the direction of the Honorable Secretary of Agri- 
culture it was my pleasure, on September 20, 1895, a few 
weeks after coming to the head of the Weather Bureau, to 
issue instructions to the observers of the weather service 
to begin the telegraphing from observation stations of the 
readings of the wet-bulb thermometer, more popularly 
known as the "sensible" temperature. This is about the 
temperature felt by animal life and may be many degrees 
below the air temperature, the difference between the two 
temperatures depending upon the relative humidity of the 
air — the drier the atmosphere the lower the sensible tem- 
perature when compared with the air temperature; the 
damper the air the higher the sensible temperature. This 
will be better understood when it is stated that in case the 
air be saturated, the readings of the dry and the wet-bulb 
thermometers will be the same and the sensible temperature 
and the air temperature will be equal. In the semi-arid 
regions of the West the sensible temperature during the 
summer months often is 20° to 30° less than the air tem- 

41 



42 

perature, which condition is due to the extreme dryness of 
the atmosphere. In the more humid regions of the eastern 
part of the country such extreme differences can not occur. 

Within the broad confines of the United States there are 
many, but not all, shades and varieties of climate. One of 
the questions most frequently asked the Weather Bureau is, 
*'Where shall I find a climate possessing both dryness and 
equability of temperature?" To this interrogatory reply 
must be made that the ideal climate as regards equability 
of temperature and absence of moisture does not exist in 
the United States, but that the nearest approach to it will 
be found in the great Southwest, where all shades of dry- 
ness, from a rainfall sufficient for successful agriculture, to 
the aridity of the desert may be found. 

The temperature of the Southwest is not equable in the 
sense of having an extremely small daily range, but, on the 
other hand, it possesses the quality of uniformity in a 
greater degree than will generally be found elsewhere, ex- 
cept on the seacoast. The most equable temperature on 
the globe will be found on the high table-lands and plateaus 
of the Tropics. Santa Fe de Bogota, in the United States 
of Colombia, has an average temperature of about 59° for 
all months of the year, and the range for the entire year is 
less than is often experienced in a single day in these lati- 
tudes. 

But while the ideal temperature may be found on the 
higher elevations of the Tropics, the rainfall is much 
greater and more continuous than in this country. 

The rainfall of the great Southwest varies with location. 
Less than 200 miles from the Colorado Desert, where the 
rainfall is practically 7iil^ places may be found whose annual 



43 

average rainfall is as great or greater than any point in the 
Middle States of the East. Generally speaking, however, 
the greater portion is dry, using that term as indicating a 
rainfall considerably less than 20 inches per annum on the 
average. 

The mountainous portions of Arizona and California 
have an average annual rainfall ranging between 20 and 50 
inches, depending somewhat upon the elevation and geo- 
graphic position, while the lowland portions and the pla- 
teaus, especially east of the Sierras, have a rainfall both 
small in amount and variable in character. The rainfall 
records of the arid region, and other portions of the United 
States, are published in the monthly bulletins of the various 
climate and crop centers, and in more convenient form in 
the annual data volumes of the Weather Bureau. It is not 
possible to report upon them in detail here. 

The temperature of a place depends chiefly on three 
conditions, viz., latitude, elevation, and contiguity to large 
bodies of water. At sea level in the Tropics extreme con- 
ditions of heat and moisture, so combined as to produce 
very great physical discomfort, abound. But even under 
the equator it is possible to escape the tropical heat of low 
levels by ascending from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. In the econ- 
omy of nature there is a certain limit beyond which the 
two extremes, dryness and equability of temperature, can 
not co-exist; thus we may find a region so deficient in 
moisture as to satisfy the requirements of the case, but the 
very lack of moisture is a condition that facilitates radia- 
tion and thus contributes to great extremes of temperature. 
Regions may be found, as on the lower Nile, where there is 
a lack of rainfall coupled with a h gh and moderately uni- 



44 

form temperature. The mean winter temperature of Cairo, 
Egypt, is 56°; mean summer temperature, 83°; a range 
from winter to summer of 27°. The mean winter tempera- 
ture of Phoenix, Ariz., is 52°; mean summer temperature, 
87°; a range of 35°. It is by no means difficult to find a 
counterpart of the far-famed Egyptian climate in the great 
Southwest. 

The dryness of the air and the clearness of the sky are 
the conditions upon which daily ranges of temperature 
depend; the greater these, the greater the range of tem- 
perature from day to night. While a high summer temper- 
ature is characteristic of the Southwest, it is a fact long 
known to residents of that section, and somewhat imper- 
fectly realized in other portions of the country, that the 
sensation of heat as experienced by animal life, is not 
accurately measured by the ordinary thermometer. The 
sensation of temperature which we usually refer to the con- 
dition of the atmosphere depends not only on the tempera- 
ture of the air, but also on its dryness, the velocity of the 
wind, and other circumstances. The human organism, 
when perspiring freely, evaporates the moisture of its sur- 
face and thus lowers its temperature. The meteorological 
instrument that registers the temperature of evaporation, 
and thus, in a great measure, the actual heat felt by the 
human body, is the wet-bulb thermometer. The latter, as 
indicated by its name, is simply an ordinary mercurial 
thermometer, whose bulb is wetted with water at the time 
of observation. 

Chart I has been constructed to show the average actual 
and sensible temperature of Weather Bureau stations in the 
United States for the summer season. 



45 

The broad principle illustrated by this chart is that the 
greatest differences between shade and sensible temperatures 
are round where the air is the driest, and the least where 
the air is most humid. A glance at the chart is sufficient 
to show the general trend of the lines of equal air and sen- 
sible temperatures. The great interior valleys and the 
plains east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains are 
uniformly heated under the insolation of summer to an aver- 
age of from 65°on the northern boundary, to about 80° on 
the Gulf Coast. The northern portion of this vast extent 
of country is, moreover, in the path of atmospheric disturb- 
ances that pass from west to east over our northern boun- 
daries, thus causing an indraught of warm, moist air from 
lower latitudes. Again, the distribution of atmospheric 
pressure over the eastern two-thirds of the United States 
is at times such as to cause a more or less complete stagna- 
tion of the generally eastward drift of the air; the surface 
of the ground warms up under intense insolation, and loses 
but little heat by radiation at night; the winds are light 
southerly or southeasterly and there is an absence of ver- 
tical interchange between the warm surface air and the 
cooler air aloft. Such conditions sometimes extend over 
the entire Mississippi Valley and eastward to the Atlantic 
seaboard. On the other hand while it is possible for a 
heated term to prevail over an arid region by day, the rela- 
tively great radiation by night lowers the temperature to 
an endurable degree, and there is but little bodily discom- 
fort. The heat of the daytime, moreover, is borne without 
distress by reason of the great dryness of the air. The red 
lines of Chart I show the temperature of evaporating sur- 



46 

faces in summer in the United States. It will be seen that 
the line of 60°, which marks the temperature of evaporation 
of the region of New England and the Great Lakes, passes 
almost due north and south along the eastern foothills of 
the Rocky Mountains, and skirts Southern New Mexico and 
Arizona. The line of 55° passes almost due south from 
Eastern Montana to Southeastern New Mexico, and thence 
northwesterly. The temperature of evaporation in all of 
the territory above this line (55°), embracing almost two- 
thirds of the arid region ss beloiv 55°; in fact, in almost 
one-third of the region it is not over 50°. The sensible 
temperature of two-thirds of the United States, or east of 
the one hundred and fifth meridian, ranges from 55° to 75°. 
West of the one hundred and fifth meridian the range is 
from 50° to 65°. 

Chart II has been prepared to illustrate the extreme dif- 
ferences that prevail in midsummer, the 8 p.m., seventy- 
fifth meridian time observation of July having been used. 
(8 p. m., seventy-fifth meridian, corresponds to 7 p.m. cen- 
tral, 6 p.m. mountain, and 5 p.m. Pacific time.) There is 
an objection to the use of synchronous time in depicting 
climatic elements that have a marked diurnal period. 
Observations taken at the same moment of local mean time 
should be used whenever possible, but the exigencies of a 
service instituted for the purpose of forecasting weather 
changes demand the use of synchronous time. As regards 
the data of this chart (II), it may be urged with propriety 
that a comparison of thermometric readings made at the 
same moment of time from the Atlantic to the Pacific, is 
misleading, since an accurate estimate can not be made of 



47 

the amount of increase of temperature for western stations 
due to diurnal influences alone, and it was mainly with a 
view of illustrating this fact that the chart was prepared. 

The thermometer readings on the Atlantic seaboard are 
made near the hour of 8 p.m., local mean time; those on 
the California coast are made near 5 p.m., local mean time. 
Naturally, the Pacific Coast temperatures are considerably 
higher than those on the other side of the continent, three 
hours later in the afternoon. The contrast between the 
two sides of the country is plainly shown by the black lines 
of equal actual temperature on Chart II, and it will also be 
observed that the Southwest is the warmest part of the 
United States. 

The lines of equal sensible heart, on the other hand, 
show an entirely different condition as regards the location 
of greatest heat. The arid region is now the coolest part 
of the United States, judged from the temperature of evap- 
oration only. The line of 60° sensible temperature, start- 
ing in New England, skirts the northern boundary as far as 
the one hundred and tenth meridian; thence it follows a 
south-southeasterly course to Southeastern New Mexico; 
thence westerly to the neighborhood of Los Angeles, Cal, 
and thence northerly, with a few unimportant deflections, 
to the North Pacific coast. 

The decrease of temperature from the hour of maximum 
heat to nightfall is not regular, nor does it bear any definite 
relation to an increase in longitude reckoned westward from 
Greenwich. A comparison of the normal 8 p.m. seventy- 
fifth meridian time temperatures with the normal maximum 
temperature of the day shows that on the eastern coast line 
the temperature at 8 p.m. is, on the average, 8^" to 12° 



48 

lower than at the time of greatest daily heat. In the lake 
region and lower Ohio Valley the difference is from 5° to 
8°. In the upper Mississippi and Missouri valleys and 
Texas and the plains region the difference averages from 4° 
to 7°; that is to say, the temperatures at the 8 p.m. obser- 
vation (corresponding to about 6:30 p.m. local time) are 
from 4° to 7° lower than the highest point reached by the 
thermometer during the day. On the eastern slope of the 
Rocky Mountains, although the evening observation is 
made at 6 p.m., local time, two hours nearer the time of 
greatest heat than at New York and Philadelphia, the dif- 
ference is as great as at the last-named places. In other 
words, the temperature falls as much by 6 p.m. at Denver, 
as it does by 8 p.m. in New York and Philadelphia. This 
would seem to be the result of the greater daily range and 
more rapid rate of cooling at elevated stations. West of 
the Rockies the differences range from zero, at Red Bluff, 
to less than 4° in the great interior basin, and from 5° to 
6° in Southern Arizona. 

The local vicissitudes of temperature are well illustrated 
in the case of Red Bluff, Cal., where the average tempera- 
ture at about 5 p.m., local time, is but four-tenths of a 
degree below the maximum of the day. Curiously enough, 
at Los Angeles, in the lower part of the State, the 5 p.m. 
temperatures are about 10° lower on the average than the 
maximum of the day. 

Chart III has been constructed to show the relative 
humidity of the United States in summer. The data used 
in preparing the chart were the synchronous observations 
at 8 a.m. and 8 p.m., seventy-fifth meridian time, during 
the eight years 1889-96. The chart itself shows better than 



49 

mere words the distinctively dry and humid regions. The 
influence of the ocean is seen on both coasts, as also that 
of the Gulf of Mexico and the great lakes. 

Broadly speaking, the variation of insolation from day 
to night, and from season to season, with the changing 
declination of the sun, is the great controlling agent of 
climate. The most regular, and at the same time the 
simplest, climate of the world, is that of the Tropics, w^here 
the succession of changes from day to day are as monoto- 
nous in their regularity as they are enervating on the human 
system. The great life zone, the seat of business enter- 
prise and activity, is found in temperate climates. Here 
the simple diurnal changes of the Tropics are largely 
masked by irregular changes, the result of the passage of 
cyclonic and anti-cyclonic systems. The sum total of these 
changes constitutes the weather of the temperate zone. 

Between the Tropics and the temperate zone there are, 
in certain longitudes, considerable areas where the climate 
is more or less transitional between the two strongly marked 
zones. The southwestern part of the United States may be 
classed as having a climate between the extremes of the 
Tropics and the temperate zones. Not being within the path 
of storm frequency, the sequence of weather is more uniform 
than in more northern latitudes, or on the same parallel 
farther east. The rainfall is deficient; there is an absence 
of clouds; insolation by day and radiation by night, are 
both strong; the range of temperature from day to night is 
large, from 25° to 35°, depending upon the elevation and 
character of the surface of the ground ; the winds are gen- 
erally light and the evaporation is high. 



TABLE XVII. 



Deaths in 1000 inhabitants, 1S96. 



Phoenix, Ariz 

Boston, Mass. 

New York City, N. Y. 

Philadelphia, Pa 

Atlantic Citj, N.J 

Washington, D. C 

Charleston, S. C 

Jacksonville, Fla. 

Atlanta, Ga 

Tampa, Fla 

Mobile, Ala 

Vicksburg, Miss. 

New Orleans, La 

Little Rock, Ark 

Galveston, Tex. 

San Antonio, Tex 

Memphis, Tenn._._ 

Cincinnati, Ohio 

Pittsburgh, Pa 

Buffalo, N. Y 

Cleveland, Ohio _. 

Detroit, Mich 

Chicago, 111 _ 

St. Paul, Minn 

Des Moines, Iowa 

St. Louis, Mo 

Kansas City, Mo 

Omaha, Neb 

Los Angeles, Cal 

San Diego, Cal. 



July. 



9 

i9t¥o 
26tVo 



29tVo 



24f(nT 



25tVo 
i7tVo 



i9tV\ 



20 

^OlOO 

1 1 A\ 



August. 



^7j%% 



24rVV 



22^ 



25tVo 



26tV% 
2ItVo 

7rViy 



2ItVo 



THE SUMMER CLIMATE OF PHOENIX. 

An article by Wm. Lawrence Woodruff, M.D., Phoenix, Arizona, 
published in The Medical Century, for September, iSg6. 

The month of June, 1896, will be remembered as having 
the highest range of temperature, and for the greatest num- 
ber of consecutive days ever known in the Salt River Val- 
ley, if not in the United States. 

The following table shows the actual heat as marked by 
the reading of the dry-bulb thermometer, the so-called sen- 
sible temperature (as indicated by the wet-bulb), and the 
relative humidity or percentage of saturation, according to 
the observations of the United States Weather Bureau, at 
Phoenix, Arizona: 





Actual 


Sensible 


Rel. 




Actual 


Sensible 


Rel. 


Date. 


Tempera- 


Tempera- 


Humid- 


Date. 


Tempera- 


Tempera- 


Humid- 


ture in 


ture in 


ity. 


ture in 


ture in 


ity. 




Degrees. 


Degrees. 


per ct. 




Degrees. 


Degrees. 


per ct. 


I 


97.1 


65.6 


16 


16 


1 14.0 


73.0 


12 


2 


95-9 


64.0 


12 


17 


I12.5 


70-3 


10 


3 


94.0 


61.0 


II 


18 


108.0 


73-0 


17 


4 


91.0 


60.8 


14 


19 


102.0 


66.5 


12 


5 


93.8 


61.0 


12 


20 


103-5 


64.0 


7 


6 


94.8 


63.8 


15 


21 


105.0 


67.0 


10 


7 


97.0 


64-5 


13 


22 


104.2 


64.8 


8 


8 


100.8 


654 


12 


23 


107.0 


74.0 


20 


9 


104.8 


64.8 


8 


24 


99.2 


63.8 


II 


10 


107.0 


67.0 


9 


25 


102.0 


6S.5 


16 


II 


109.0 


67.8 


7 


26 


98.4 


69.4 


21 


12 


109.5 


68.8 


10 


27 


102.2 


70.2 


19 


13 


1 14.8 


72.0 


13 


28 


102.8 


65.3 


13 


14 


"4-5 


730 


II 


29 


103.2 


66.3 


II 


15 


1 14.0 


7I..5 


10 


30 


104.0 


6S.0 


13 



51 



52 

From June 9th to i8th inclusive was the longest contin- 
uous period of extremely hot weather within the memory of 
the oldest inhabitant. From the 13th to the 17th, the best 
accredited thermometers (set nearer the ground than the 
government instrument), registered from 3° to 5° degrees 
higher, and indicated from 118° to 120° Fahrenheit. It 
will be noted that the difference between the actual and 
sensible temperature (indicated by the readings of the dry 
and wet-bulb respectively) was from 30° to 43° degrees, de- 
pending principally upon the percentage of humidity. On 
only seven days did the relative humidity go above 13 per 
cent. This is a fair index of the dryness of the summer 
air in the Salt River Valley. 

With this record of intense heat, extending over one- 
third of the month, should be coupled that of the wonder- 
ful exemption from disease during the same period. No- 
where else in the known world were the inhabitants so 
healthy as in Phoenix and its vicinity. There was practi- 
cally no acute sickness. 

The following table of deaths for June, 1896, in that 
portion of the Salt River Valley north of the Salt River, 
west of the "Rio Verde," and east of the "Agua Fria," 
containing a population of 16,000 and including the city of 
Phoenix, is a fair index of our ordinary summer healthful- 
ness: 



53 



Cause of Death. 



Puerperal fever 

Typhoid pneumonia 

Bowel disease 

Typhoid fever and chronic al- 
coholism 

Chronic alcoholism and heat 

prostration 

Old age 

Brain fever 

Consumption 



No. Cases. 


Age. 




27 
28-7 




2 




79 




64 
85-86 




24 


4 





Remarks. 



Tramp. 

All transients. 



In all, thirteen deaths. If the five cases of transients be 
deducted there are left eight deaths in a population of 
16,000 during the hottest month in the history of the com- 
munity. 

During the months of May, June, July, August, and Sep- 
tember, 1895, there was but one death each month from 
bowel trouble among children in the territory named. 

During the five summer months of the past four years 
the total death rate was as follows: 

1892, one-fourth of one per cent. 

1893, two-fifths of one per cent. 

1894, one-third of one per cent. 

1895, one-fourth of one per cent. 

An average of 2 and 85-100 in 1,000 inhabitants. This 
is the season, in all other parts of the world, of greatest 
fatality from gastro-enteric diseases. 

Were it possible the world ought to know, not only that 
the Salt River Valley, during the summer time, is the 
healthiest spot on earth, but that the healthy individual 
and the health-seeker can live here in comfort and with 
pleasure during the heated term. We feel better, brighter, 
stronger, and have better appetites than in the winter sea- 



54 

son. As soon as the weether begins to warm up, aches, 
pains, and discomforts vanish. Life is not only livable, 
but we live more of life as nature intended we should live it. 

We live in the open air. The lawn is parlor, sleeping 
apartment, and often dining-room. The diet is largely 
fruit in abundance and of great variety. The foliage of 
quick-growing trees forms a grateful shield from the perpet- 
ual sunshine of the day, and at night the beauty of the 
moonlight is unsurpassed. It is the luxury of life to live in 
the open air throughout the dewless night, dressed in the 
lightest garments, and without a fear of taking cold. There 
could be no nobler canopy than Arizona's clear, blue star- 
lit sky. There is rarely a night so warm as to interfere 
with sleep. 

The days are hot and the air is dry. One needs to drink 
water frequently and copiously. This natural appetite can 
be fully gratified without risk. The effect is a profuse per- 
spiration, "flushing" out with it all effete material from the 
system. As soon as this perspiration reaches the surface 
it is evaporated, and the heat of the body thereby reduced. 
This process of refrigeration and elimination is kept up 
without interruption for months at a time, and is the expla- 
nation of our unparalleled healthfulness. 

This is the period when the invalid makes his greatest 
improvement. To get the most benefit from this climate, 
he must come during the spring and summer, rather than 
in the fall or winter. This is so with the great majority of 
cases, the contrary is the exception. It is perfectly safe 
for our people from any part of the country to come to the 
Salt River Valley during the summer. Our hot, dry air is 
stimulating and not in the least debilitating. We usually 



55 

find (when there is sufficient vitality left to expect any 
benefit at all) a gain in weight and strength so long as the 
hot weather lasts. A summer spent here with its unload- 
ing of poisonous, effete, broken-down tissues, prepares an 
invalid to get the greatest benefit from our genial winters. 






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Vicksburg, Miss. ._ 
New Orleans, La._. 
Little Rock, Ark... 
G;ilvpston. Tex. 


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Memphis, Tenn 

Cincinnati, Ohio 

Pittsburg, Pa. 

Buffalo, N. Y 

Cleveland, Ohio — 

Detroit, Mich 

Chicago, 111 

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St. Louis, Mo 

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Omaha, Neb 

Los Angeles, Cal... 
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